Kano home sweet home 2005 3204/9/2023 In addition, each component, the receptor, the G protein as well as the effector can be regulated independently by additional proteins, soluble mediators, or on the transcriptional level. ![]() This modular design of the G protein-mediated signaling system allows convergence and divergence at the interfaces of receptor and G protein as well as of G protein and effector. In contrast, the G protein-mediated signaling system is relatively complex consisting of a receptor, a heterotrimeric G protein, and an effector. ![]() Many transmembrane signaling systems like receptor tyrosine kinases incorporate these two elements in one molecule. All transmembrane signaling systems share two basic elements, a receptor which is able to recognize an extracellular stimulus as well as an effector which is controlled by the receptor and which can generate an intracellular signal. This fundamental process allows cells to communicate with each other. ![]() All cells possess transmembrane signaling systems that allow them to receive information from extracellular stimuli like hormones, neurotransmitters, or sensory stimuli.
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